
Notes from Underground is Dostoyevsky’s fierce, darkly comic confession from the mouth of a retired civil servant who calls himself sick, spiteful, and too conscious for his own good. Speaking directly to an imagined audience, the Underground Man attacks the era’s faith in rational self-interest and social “progress,” insisting that human beings will often choose suffering, chaos, or humiliation simply to prove they are free.
Part philosophical provocation, part psychological self-portrait, the book exposes how pride, shame, and resentment can become a private universe—one where self-knowledge does not heal, but corrodes. A landmark of modern literature, it anticipates existentialism and psychoanalysis while remaining intensely personal: a voice arguing with itself, daring the listener to recognize uncomfortable truths about agency, desire, and self-deception.