The Moral Animal audiobook cover - Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology

The Moral Animal

Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology

Robert Wright

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Mind Map

The Moral Animal
Core Premise+
Mating & Attraction+
Jealousy+
Female Infidelity+
Status & Gender Favoritism+
Altruism & Morality+
Hierarchy & Power+

Quiz — Test Your Understanding

Question 1 of 8
According to evolutionary psychologists, what is the primary underlying driver of human moral behavior?
  • A. A conscious and free choice to treat others as we wish to be treated.
  • B. The Darwinian urge to ensure survival and the propagation of genes.
  • C. The societal conditioning imposed by modern cultural institutions.
  • D. A genetic mutation that occurred recently in human history.
Question 2 of 8
What did Robert L. Trivers' 1990 study reveal about human mating preferences?
  • A. Both men and women require above-average intelligence when selecting long-term partners.
  • B. Men prioritize intelligence in short-term partners much more than women do.
  • C. Women are generally unfussy when it comes to casual, short-term relationships.
  • D. Physical beauty is the only trait men consider when choosing a long-term mate.
Question 3 of 8
Based on Daly and Wilson's 1982 study, how do men and women differ in their experience of jealousy?
  • A. Men are more distressed by emotional infidelity, while women are more distressed by sexual infidelity.
  • B. Men are more distressed by sexual infidelity, while women are more distressed by their partners forming close emotional bonds with others.
  • C. Men experience jealousy as a conscious choice, whereas women experience it as an unconscious reflex.
  • D. Women only experience jealousy when their social status is threatened, while men only experience it regarding physical traits.
Question 4 of 8
According to the text, what is an evolutionary explanation for why a woman might cheat on a long-term partner?
  • A. To consciously dismantle the hierarchical structures of her community.
  • B. To secure the best possible genes for her children while maintaining the stable environment provided by her long-term partner.
  • C. To decrease the genetic diversity of her offspring to ensure they look alike.
  • D. To increase her own serotonin levels and establish dominance over other females.
Question 5 of 8
In low-status or poor families, which gender of child is typically favored from an evolutionary perspective, and why?
  • A. Boys, because they can physically defend the family's limited resources.
  • B. Boys, because they have a virtually unlimited ability to spread their genes.
  • C. Girls, because they require fewer material resources to raise to adulthood.
  • D. Girls, because they have a greater chance of marrying 'up' into wealthier, higher-status families.
Question 6 of 8
How does evolutionary psychology explain altruistic behavior, such as helping a starving stranger?
  • A. It is a purely selfless act driven by modern ethical frameworks.
  • B. It is a biological error that evolutionary psychologists believe will eventually disappear.
  • C. It is fundamentally self-serving, rooted in the evolutionary instinct to establish a debt in your favor within tight-knit communities.
  • D. It is an instinctual display of dominance designed to intimidate potential rivals.
Question 7 of 8
What did the 1984 study by McGuire and Raleigh on vervet monkeys and college fraternities suggest about leadership and genetics?
  • A. Leadership is hardwired into our genes, and only those born with high serotonin can become leaders.
  • B. High serotonin levels are a result of assuming a dominant position, rather than the genetic cause of it.
  • C. Egalitarian societies naturally suppress serotonin to prevent hierarchies from forming.
  • D. Dominant males possess a specific 'leadership gene' that prevents them from forming strategic alliances.
Question 8 of 8
What does Frans de Waal's study of chimpanzees in the Arnhem zoo demonstrate about asserting long-term dominance?
  • A. Dominance is achieved almost exclusively through brute force and physical size.
  • B. Alpha status can only be maintained by isolating oneself from female chimpanzees.
  • C. Long-term leadership relies heavily on forming strategic alliances, not just physical strength.
  • D. Chimpanzees rely on simulating strength with objects rather than interacting with other males.

The Moral Animal — Full Chapter Overview

The Moral Animal Summary & Overview

The Moral Animal (1994) delves into the fascinating – and occasionally controversial – field of evolutionary psychology to ask what really motivates human behavior. Drawing on the work of Darwin as well as a wealth of anthropological sources, Robert Wright sheds new light on a range of familiar everyday situations in the animal kingdom and our own societies.

Who Should Listen to The Moral Animal?

  • Psychologists and keen observers of human behavior
  • Biologists and other natural scientists
  • Anyone fascinated by the evolution of our species

About the Author: Robert Wright

Robert Wright is an American journalist whose work spans the fields of history, politics, psychology and religion. He is the editor of New Republic, a senior fellow at the non-partisan think tank New America and a regular contributor to magazines such as the New Yorker and Atlantic Monthly. Wright’s previous books include Three Scientists and Their Gods (1988) and Nonzero (1999).

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