Innumeracy audiobook cover - Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences

Innumeracy

Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences

John Allen Paulos

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Innumeracy
Dangers & Blind Spots+
Misunderstanding Coincidences+
Vulnerability to Pseudoscience+
Root Causes+
Practical Applications+

Quiz — Test Your Understanding

Question 1 of 7
According to the text, why do innumerate people often develop irrational fears, such as a fear of alligator attacks?
  • A. They rely on their prejudices and personalize events rather than looking at statistical evidence.
  • B. They are incapable of understanding how media algorithms exaggerate rare events.
  • C. They lack the biological knowledge to assess the actual danger of wild animals.
  • D. They tend to confuse Type-1 and Type-2 statistical errors when reading the news.
Question 2 of 7
How does the text explain the likelihood of coincidences, such as people sharing a birthday at a party?
  • A. True coincidences do not exist; they are always the result of unconscious human planning.
  • B. While it is highly probable that some coincidence will occur, it is much less likely that a specific coincidence will occur.
  • C. Coincidences are mathematically impossible to predict unless the sample size exceeds 253 people.
  • D. Coincidences are extremely rare events that statistics cannot accurately account for.
Question 3 of 7
Why does the author argue that the physical principles used to justify astrology actually prove it is a sham?
  • A. The planets are constantly in retrograde, making it impossible to measure their exact gravitational pull.
  • B. The gravitational pull of the doctor or nurse present at birth outweighs the gravitational pull of distant planets.
  • C. Astrology relies on the multiplication principle, which does not apply to celestial bodies.
  • D. The mass of the planets is too large to have any proportionate effect on human neurobiology.
Question 4 of 7
What mathematical truth debunks Wilhelm Fliess's claim to Sigmund Freud that the numbers 23 and 28 have special properties?
  • A. Any two numbers without common factors can be used to calculate any other number through addition and subtraction of multiples.
  • B. Prime numbers cannot be multiplied or subtracted to equal an even number like six.
  • C. The numbers 23 and 28 are statistically more likely to appear in everyday life due to the birthday paradox.
  • D. Adding and subtracting multiples of 23 and 28 can only result in other multiples of those specific numbers.
Question 5 of 7
According to the text, which of the following is a major contributing factor to the prevalence of innumeracy?
  • A. The human brain is not evolutionarily adapted to understand abstract numbers.
  • B. Schools emphasize real-world applications of math rather than the necessary basic mechanics.
  • C. The way math is taught in schools focuses heavily on abstract mechanics rather than real-life applications.
  • D. Humanities subjects are prioritized over STEM subjects in modern education systems.
Question 6 of 7
In the context of decision-making and trade-offs, how does the text define a Type-2 error?
  • A. Rejecting a hypothesis that is actually true.
  • B. Accepting a hypothesis that is actually false.
  • C. Miscalculating the statistical probability of a rare event.
  • D. Making a mathematical calculation error due to math anxiety.
Question 7 of 7
If a store offers a 40-percent discount on an item and then reduces that price by an additional 40 percent, what is the actual total discount from the original price?
  • A. 80 percent
  • B. 64 percent
  • C. 60 percent
  • D. 16 percent

Innumeracy — Full Chapter Overview

Innumeracy Summary & Overview

Innumeracy (1988) explains how an aversion to math and numbers pervades both our private and public lives. By examining various real-life examples of innumeracy and its consequences, the book offers helpful solutions to combat this irrational and misguided fear of math.

Who Should Listen to Innumeracy?

  • Anyone convinced that they’re not a numbers person
  • People interested in everyday applications of math

About the Author: John Allen Paulos

John Allen Paulos is a Professor of Mathematics at Temple University in Philadelphia. He is the author of many other books, including A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper, and has written for publications such as The New York Times and ABCNEWS.com.

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