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A Crack in Creation

Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution

Jennifer A. Doudna and Samuel H. Sternberg

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A Crack in Creation
Foundations of Gene Editing+
The CRISPR-Cas9 Mechanism+
Agricultural Impact+
Medical Possibilities+
Ethical Dilemmas+
Future Governance+

Quiz — Test Your Understanding

Question 1 of 8
What natural phenomenon spontaneously cured a patient's WHIM syndrome by rearranging her chromosomes?
  • A. Homologous recombination
  • B. Chromothripsis
  • C. Viral DNA insertion
  • D. RNA interference
Question 2 of 8
Why were early gene editing techniques, such as homologous recombination developed in the 1980s, not clinically viable?
  • A. They caused fatal mutations in animal testing.
  • B. They were extremely inefficient, succeeding in only about 1 out of 100 attempts.
  • C. They required the use of radioactive isotopes that were dangerous to patients.
  • D. They could only target viral DNA, not human DNA.
Question 3 of 8
In nature, what is the primary biological function of CRISPR in bacteria?
  • A. It regulates the bacteria's reproductive cycle.
  • B. It acts as an immune system by storing memories of past viral infections to destroy them in the future.
  • C. It helps bacteria digest complex carbohydrates and phosphorus.
  • D. It repairs damage caused by UV radiation.
Question 4 of 8
Which component of the CRISPR system acts as the 'cutting machine' that physically slices through invading DNA?
  • A. The tracrRNA
  • B. The spacer sequences
  • C. The Cas9 protein
  • D. The CRISPR RNA
Question 5 of 8
How could CRISPR potentially be used to prevent HIV infections according to current research?
  • A. By editing the CCR5 gene to mimic a natural mutation that provides resistance to the virus.
  • B. By instructing white blood cells to produce antibodies that specifically target the HIV envelope.
  • C. By deleting the viral genome entirely from an infected person's chromosomal DNA.
  • D. By enhancing the beta-globin gene to increase oxygen transport and boost overall immunity.
Question 6 of 8
What is one practical agricultural application of gene editing mentioned in the text?
  • A. Modifying wheat to grow in saltwater environments.
  • B. Creating a genetically modified 'Enviropig' that produces manure with significantly less phosphorus.
  • C. Engineering bees that are resistant to common agricultural pesticides.
  • D. Developing tomatoes that produce natural insect repellents.
Question 7 of 8
What specific area of gene editing did the authors' 2015 white paper urge the scientific community to hold back on until thorough societal discussions could occur?
  • A. Agricultural and livestock gene editing
  • B. Somatic cell editing for adult cancer treatment
  • C. Human germline editing
  • D. Viral genome manipulation
Question 8 of 8
According to the author, what is a major ethical concern regarding the use of CRISPR for genetic enhancements like intelligence or athleticism?
  • A. It could cause a rapid increase in the global population size.
  • B. It could lead to severe and unpredictable evolutionary bottlenecks.
  • C. It would likely be affordable only to the wealthy, exacerbating social inequalities.
  • D. It would permanently shut down the body's natural evolutionary mutation process.

A Crack in Creation — Full Chapter Overview

A Crack in Creation Summary & Overview

A Crack in Creation (2017) describes everything you need to know about CRISPR, a new technique to alter the genes of living organisms. These blinks explain the scientific details of gene editing, while also discussing its medical and ethical implications.

Who Should Listen to A Crack in Creation?

  • Biologists, chemists and natural scientists
  • Philosophers and ethicists who wonder about the implications of gene editing
  • Anyone interested in the future of medical science

About the Author: Jennifer A. Doudna and Samuel H. Sternberg

Jennifer A. Doudna, PhD, is a professor of chemistry and molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. She is a leading international expert on CRISPR biology and genome engineering.

Samuel H. Sternberg, PhD, is a biochemist and the author of a number of high-profile scientific publications on CRISPR technology. He is the recipient of the Scaring Award and the Harold M. Weintraub Graduate Student Award.

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